Mammographic, Sonographic, and MRI Features of Primary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast are a rare, distinct category of breast carcinomas that require immunohistochemical staining for diagnosis. Currently, there is not enough evidence on the clinical pattern, prognosis, and proper management of the disease. Only few case series have described the imaging findings of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast. We herein present a case of a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (small cell) presenting as a locally aggressive tumor with metastatic disease, and describe the radiologic findings.

Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers in Axillary Lymph Nodes Mimicking Metastatic Lymphadenopathy after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Case Report

Progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) is a rarely diagnosed, benign disease of the lymph nodes that commonly manifests as chronic lymphadenopathy. PTGC may be characterized by single or multiple non-tender lymph nodes, and it commonly involves the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas. Although PTGC is identified with concurrent lymphoma in some patients, it is not considered as a premalignant entity. Histopathologic diagnosis of PTGC is rarely made, and imaging findings have been reported in very few studies. We present a case of PTGC that occurred at the contralateral axillary lymph nodes and mimicked metastatic lymphadenopathy after breast cancer surgery. We also discuss its imaging findings.

Mammographic, Sonographic, and MRI Features of Primary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast are a rare, distinct category of breast carcinomas that require immunohistochemical staining for diagnosis. Currently, there is not enough evidence on the clinical pattern, prognosis, and proper management of the disease. Only few case series have described the imaging findings of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast. We herein present a case of a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (small cell) presenting as a locally aggressive tumor with metastatic disease, and describe the radiologic findings.

Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers in Axillary Lymph Nodes Mimicking Metastatic Lymphadenopathy after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Case Report

Progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) is a rarely diagnosed, benign disease of the lymph nodes that commonly manifests as chronic lymphadenopathy. PTGC may be characterized by single or multiple non-tender lymph nodes, and it commonly involves the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas. Although PTGC is identified with concurrent lymphoma in some patients, it is not considered as a premalignant entity. Histopathologic diagnosis of PTGC is rarely made, and imaging findings have been reported in very few studies. We present a case of PTGC that occurred at the contralateral axillary lymph nodes and mimicked metastatic lymphadenopathy after breast cancer surgery. We also discuss its imaging findings.

MicroRNA-mediated Regulation of the Development and Functions of Follicular Helper T cells

The germinal center reaction is a key event of humoral immunity, providing long-lived immunological memory. Follicular helper T (T(FH)) cells are a specialized subset of CD4⁺ T cells located in the follicles, which help B cells and thus control the germinal center reaction. T(FH) cell development is achieved by multi-step processes of interactions with dendritic cells and B cells along with the coordination of various transcription factors. Since the T helper cell fate decision program is determined by subtle changes in regulatory molecules, fine tuning of these dynamic interactions is crucial for the generation functional T(FH) cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulatory molecules for gene expression, which consequently modulate diverse biological functions. In the last decade, the miRNA-mediated regulation network for the germinal center reaction has been extensively explored in T cells and B cells, resulting in the identification of several key miRNA species and their target genes. Here, we review the current knowledge of the miRNA-mediated control of the germinal center reaction, focusing on the aspect of T cell regulation in particular. In addition, we highlight the most important issues related to defining the functional target genes of the relevant miRNAs. We believe that the studies that uncover the miRNA-mediated regulatory axis of T(FH) cell generation and functions by defining their functional target genes might provide additional opportunities to understand germinal center reactions.

Temporal Evolution of a Chronic Expanding Organizing Hematoma on MRI, Including Functional MR Imaging Techniques: a Case Report

Chronic expanding organizing hematoma (CEH) occasionally mimics a soft tissue tumor on MRI, which becomes more problematic in patients with a history of surgical resection for musculoskeletal malignancy. Herein, we present a case of CEH which we were able to differentiate from recurrent tumor through MRI follow-up, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging. A 66-year-old male visited our institution under suspicion of recurrent leiomyosarcoma of the thigh, 19 months after surgery and radiation therapy. Due to inconclusive results, three US-guided biopsies and 6 MRI examinations were performed over 2 years. In the end, we could diagnose a CEH using conventional and functional MRI techniques, and it was histopathologically confirmed after surgical resection. A CEH may occur remotely after an initiating event, and it may persist and expand over several years. Functional MR sequences, in addition to conventional sequences, are helpful in differentiating CEH from malignant neoplasms.

The Experience of the Total Intravenous Anesthesia of Patient with Noonan Syndrome: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Noonan syndrome is a condition involving facial, cardiovascular and skeletal abnormalities that may pose problems to anesthesiologists during surgery. Propofol, which is used as an induction agent for noncardiac surgery, produces little or no change in the heart rate. Remifentanil decreases the sympathetic and somatic responses to noxious stimuli and can be given in high doses without negative inotropic effects. We report successful management of a patient with Noonan syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the the total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil.